Here’s a concise summary of Class 10 History Chapter 2: Nationalism in India (NCERT/CBSE):
Key Causes of Nationalism
- First World War: Hardships (inflation, taxes, forced recruitment).
- Rowlatt Act (1919): Allowed detention without trial → Rowlatt Satyagraha (mass protests).
- Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): General Dyer’s troops killed 1000+ unarmed Indians → nationwide anger.
Mahatma Gandhi’s Role
- Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22):
- Goal: Attain Swaraj through non-violence.
- Actions: Boycott schools, courts, foreign goods; resign from jobs.
- Suspension (1922): After Chauri Chaura violence.
- Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34):
- Dandi March (1930): Gandhi walked 240 miles to make salt → defied salt tax.
- Methods: Violating salt laws, boycotting imports, forest satyagraha.
- Quit India Movement (1942): “Do or Die” call for British to leave India.
Major Events & Movements
- Khilafat Movement (1919-24): Muslims protested against Ottoman Caliph’s mistreatment → united Hindus-Muslims.
- Simon Commission (1928): “No Indian member” → Boycott → Lala Lajpat Rai martyred.
- Poona Pact (1932): Reserved seats for Depressed Classes (SC/ST) after Gandhi-Ambedkar talks.
- Participation:
- Peasants: Against high taxes/rents (e.g., Awadh).
- Tribals: Forest laws defiance (e.g., Gudem Hills).
- Workers: Strikes for better wages (e.g., Ahmedabad).
- Women: Joined protests, boycotts, picketing.
Different Strands within Nationalism
- Revolutionaries: Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad (violent resistance).
- Industrialists: Pursued Swaraj for economic freedom (e.g., G.D. Birla).
- Muslim League: Demanded separate nation (Pakistan) post-1940.
Congress Sessions & Demands
- Lahore Session (1929): Purna Swaraj declaration (26 Jan 1930 → Republic Day).
- Key Leaders: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, Sardar Patel.
Impact of Nationalism
- Unity: Diverse groups united against colonialism.
- Cultural Symbols: Bharat Mata imagery, Vande Mataram, reinterpreted history.
- Limits: Dalits/Muslims felt sidelined → led to separate identities.
Important Terms
- Satyagraha: Truth-force (non-violent resistance).
- Boycott: Refusal to use British goods/services.
- Picket: Protest outside shops/courts.
- Swaraj: Self-rule.
Exam Focus:
- Causes/effects of Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh.
- Differences between Non-Cooperation & Civil Disobedience.
- Role of Gandhi, tribals, women.
- Significance of Dandi March & Quit India.
Use this for quick revision! ✨